One dose vaccination against mycoplasma infections of pigs

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a one phase, aqueous vaccine composition for immunizing an animal against infection by  Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae , comprising: an immunizing amount of a  Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae  bacterin, an acrylic acid polymer in the concentration range between 0.8 and 1.2 mg/ml, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and substantially no oil. It is especially useful for immunizing a pig against infection by  Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae  for at least 20 weeks after a single administration, which effective immunity is reached within 4 weeks after vaccination.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to vaccine compositions designed toimmunize an animal effectively against an infection by Mycoplasmahyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae), especially to respective one phase,aqueous vaccine compositions for immunizing pigs.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

M. hyopneumoniae is the primary pathogen of enzootic pneumonia, aneconomically important and globally, highly prevalent disease in pigs.M. hyopneumoniae is also considered to be one of the primary agentsinvolved in the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC; see E. L.Thacker; 2006; Diseases of Swine; 9^(th) edition; Blackwell publishing;editor: B. E. straw et al.; pages 701-717). Mycoplasmal pneumonia ismost commonly spread through direct contact with respiratory tractsecretions of infected swine, but may also be spread through airbornetransmission. Clinically, mycoplasmal pneumonia can be described as achronic disease with high morbidity and low mortality. The principalsign is a chronic nonproductive cough, with inappetence, laboredbreathing (thumping), and unthriftiness, or an unhealthy appearance.

Despite the low mortality of enzootic pneumonia due to infection with M.hyopneumoniae, this disease is a significant economic problem for swineproducers worldwide. An approximate herd average lung lesion score of 10depresses growth rate by 5% (37.5 g/day) (see Burch; 2007; Cost ofDisease—Enzootic Pneumonia; Pig World, Febr. 2007). Additionally, a herdaverage lung lesion score of 10 reduces the Feed Conversion Rate byabout 4.5% (see Straw B. E., et al.; 1986; Examination of Swine atSlaughter. Part II. Findings at Slaughter and their Significance).Consequently, prevention of this disease would provide significantcommercial benefit to swine husbandry (see e.g. Maes et al.; 1999;Vaccine, vol. 17, pages 1024-1034).

At present, commercial vaccines to protect healthy swine against theclinical signs caused by M. hyopneumoniae are the major tools forreducing the clinical impact of the disease. Most commercial vaccinesconsist of adjuvanted whole cell preparations. Commercial vaccinesdiffer significantly in respect to their administration regime.International application WO 92/03157 A1, for example, discloses avaccine against infections by M. hyopneumoniae that comprises a binaryethyleneimine (BEI) inactivated M. hyopneumoniae strain and 0.2% (w/v)(i.e. 2 mg/ml) acrylic acid.

Over the past few years single-dose vaccines have been developed whichallow a “one shot” immunization to reach an acceptable level of immunityagainst the respective infection. Additionally, technical progress hasbeen made with respect to the apparatus used in the vaccination stepitself. For example, US 2008/0014221 A1 discloses an immunization methodagainst M. hyopneumoniae infections that administers a single dosevaccine with a liquid, jet, needle-free injector.

An example for the development of single-dose vaccines can be seen inthe publication “Studies of the field efficacy and safety of asingle-dose Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine for pigs” (2002) by A.Dawson, et al., Veterinary Record, vol. 151, pages 535-538. It describesa field study of three- to five-week-old pigs, immunized once by a wholecell vaccine of M. hyopneumoniae comprising the AMPHIGEN® adjuvant fromPfizer (New York, USA), in comparison to a control group being immunizedwith physiological saline solution. According to the manufacturer'sinformation (see “Next generation adjuvant system: Key to enhancedprotection conferred by BVDV (Types 1 and 2) components ofCATTLEMASTER®GOLD™” adjuvant; Pfizer Animal Health, Technical Bulletin,July 2004, page 4), the AMPHIGEN® adjuvant is a composition of alecithin-derived phospholipid and a glycolipid surfactant in a light,highly refined oil.

The disadvantages of an oily adjuvant (e.g. adverse local reactions suchas lumps, abscesses, and granulomas at the injection site) are overcomein AMPHIGEN® adjuvant by the addition of lecithin, which “naturalizes”the oil and makes it more accessible to the cells of the immune system.Aluminum hydroxide, a commonly used adjuvant in vaccines, andconventional oil adjuvants lack this compatibility. Additionally,because of its low viscosity, AMPHIGEN® adjuvant makes the respectivevaccine highly syringeable and minimizes reactions upon injection. Incomparison, water-in-oil based vaccines are, due to their highviscosity, extremely difficult to draw up into a syringe and areadditionally often associated with long-lasting reactions at the sitewhere the products are administered. In the two described Dawsonstudies, the volume of the vaccine was 2 ml, comprising the antigen andthe adjuvant or the saline, respectively. As a result, the vaccinatedanimals had significantly lower lung lesion scores than the controlanimals (P=0.0022 and in a parallel group P=0.0056).

A further development, produced by the same manufacturer, availableunder the trade name RESPISURE-ONE® adjuvant (seepfizerah.com/product_overview; printed Apr. 10 2008) also comprises awhole cell bacterin of M. hyopneumoniae and the oil-in-water adjuvantAMPHIGEN®. This bacterin is described as able to elicit 25 weeks ofimmunization after administering a single dose and as being effective inpigs one week of age or older. But, the total volume of the applied doseof 2 ml is still not optimal. Smaller volumes would be advantageous.Further, the viscosity of this vaccine—though ameliorated in comparisonto other oil comprising adjuvants—still needs to be improved.

Another route to enhance the immunogenicity of an antigen by theadmixture of an adjuvant preparation has been chosen by Wyeth/Fort DodgeAnimal Health (FDAH; Madison, N.J., USA). Fort Dodge markets a M.hyopneumoniae bacterin under the trade name SUVAXYN RESPIFEND® MH foruse as a vaccine. This vaccine contains 2 mg/ml CARBOPOL® carbomer as anadjuvant and is recommended as a two-dose vaccine for pigs at leastone-week old, with the second dose to be administered two to three weeksafter the first vaccination. But, a two-dose vaccine has the obviousdisadvantage of requiring a second handling of the animals in order toprovide full protection against disease.

A further development designed for a single administration is disclosedin the international application WO 02/49666 A2 that is based on U.S.application 60/256,637. The disclosed M. hyopneumoniae vaccine comprisesan adjuvant mixture comprising an acrylic acid polymer and a mixture ofa metabolizable oil and a polyoxyethylene-polypropylene block copolymer.This special admixture of a certain oil with the mentioned otheringredients is described as enhancing the immunogenicity of the bacterinso as to elicit protective immunity after a single dose of the vaccine.It is explicitly disclosed that the acrylic acid polymer is acarboxymethylene polymer, esp. CARBOPOL® 934P (Carbomer 934P) carbomerwhich may be present in the amount of about 2 ml/l. Such acrylic acidpolymers were formerly marketed by B. F. Goodrich, now Noveon, Inc.(Pedricktown, N.J., USA) as CARBOPOL® 934 P NF and 941 NF carbomers.They are polymers of acrylic acid cross-linked with polyallylsucrose andhave the chemical formula (CH₂CHOOOH)_(n). These polymers form aqueousgels which suitably formulate with aqueous carriers. In explicitlydisclosed modes the metabolizable oil is squalene or squalane, and thepolyoxyethylene-polypropylene block copolymers are the nonionicsurfactants marketed by BASF (Ludwigshafen, Germany) as PLURONIC® EL121, L61, L, 81 or L101 nonionic surfactants. Such vaccines elicit fourmonths duration of immunity (DoI) in pigs induced by one-dosevaccination of the respective vaccine at an age of three weeks. Thesevaccines comprise a significant portion of oil and are applied at totalvolumes of 2 ml.

There remains a need to develop a vaccine against the swine pathogen M.hyopneumoniae that reduces the clinical signs of enzootic pneumonia andallows a long term effective immunity after a single administration ofthe vaccine, combined with an early onset of effective immunity. Thedesign of the composition should avoid the negative side effects thataccompanied oil adjuvanted vaccines, especially an undesirable highviscosity and local reactions at the injection site. Such a vaccineshould additionally have the capacity to be effectively applied in dosesless than 2 ml, preferably not more than 1 ml, to elicit effectiveimmunity.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a one phase, aqueous vaccine compositionfor immunizing an animal against infection by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae,comprising:

an immunizing amount of a Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin,

an acrylic acid polymer in the concentration range between 0.8 and 1.2mg/ml,

and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and

substantially no oil.

In a preferred mode it provides a one phase, aqueous vaccine compositionfor immunizing an animal against infection by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae,consisting of:

an immunizing amount of a Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin,

an acrylic acid polymer in the concentration range between 0.8 and 1.2mg/ml,

and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and

substantially no other ingredients.

Further aspects of the present invention pertain to:

-   -   the use of a one phase aqueous vaccine composition according to        the invention to immunize an animal to elicit effective immunity        against M. hyopneumoniae;    -   the use of the substantially pure components mentioned above to        prepare a one phase, aqueous vaccine composition that confers        effective immunity to an animal against infection by M.        hyopneumoniae; and    -   a method for prevention against and/or reducing the clinical        signs caused by M. hyopneumoniae and/or for reducing the overall        bacterial load of M. hyopneumoniae in an animal or group of        animals, comprising administering to said animal(s) a one phase,        aqueous vaccine composition according to the invention.

Preferred embodiments will be described in detail below.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as those commonly understood by one of ordinaryskill in the art to which the invention pertains. Generally, theprocedures for cell culture, infection, protein purification, molecularbiology methods and the like are common methods used in the art.

All values and concentrations presented herein are subject to inherentvariations acceptable in biological science within an error of ±10%. Theterm “about” also refers to this acceptable variation.

As mentioned above, the present invention provides a one phase, aqueousvaccine composition for immunizing an animal against infection byMycoplasma hyopneumoniae, comprising:

an immunizing amount of a Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin,

an acrylic acid polymer in the concentration range between 0.8 and 1.2mg/ml,

a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,

and substantially no oil.

For purposes of the present invention “one phase” refers to awater-based solution wherein the solution is mainly comprised of liquid,which is in a single phase. For example, oil-in-water and water-in-oilemulsions would not be considered one phase since the liquid in theemulsion separates and, therefore, is in two separate phases, oil andwater.

In a preferred mode it provides a one phase, aqueous vaccine compositionfor immunizing an animal against infection by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae,consisting of:

an immunizing amount of a Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin,

an acrylic acid polymer in the concentration range between 0.8 and 1.2mg/ml,

a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,

and substantially no other ingredients.

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the described pathogen of enzooticpneumonia, and is most probably involved in the porcine respiratorydisease complex (PRDC). It is deposited at recognized institutions, e.g.at the American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Boulevard,Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, USA (ATCC; accessible through the World WideWeb address for atcc.org on the internet), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniaestrain J is deposited under ATCC number 25934.

It is recommended to use ATCC medium 1699 (see example 1) as anappropriate growth medium for the cultivation of M. hyopneumoniae. Otherworking media might be developed by a person skilled in the art,especially based on the knowledge of this recipe.

A M. hyopneumoniae bacterin according to the invention can be preparedfrom the above-mentioned ingredients by methods known to a personskilled in the art. In brief, a typical production process can besummarized by the following steps:

-   (1) cultivation of M. hyopneumoniae in an appropriate medium up to    an appropriate cell density (calculated e.g. via the DNA content of    the culture broth); and-   (2) inactivation e.g. physically by heat denaturation or shear force    or by an appropriate chemical agent, e.g. binary ethyleneimine (BEI)    or preferably by formalin.    Such a bacterin can be fractionated and further purified before    further preparation of the vaccine. Appropriate techniques are known    to a person skilled in the art. For practical reasons it is    preferred to use an inactivated whole cell bacterin.

The antigen amount of a vaccine composition according to the inventionis dependent from and calculated based on the amount of bacteria grownin the foregoing cultivation. In a preferred embodiment the bacterialcell numbers per ml are calculated in colony forming units (cfu), i.e.living cells, which can be measured by a person skilled in the art.

It is preferred to use a bacterin with an antigen amount of at least 3log 10 bacterial cells per ml of the fermentation broth beforeinactivation. Increasingly preferred are concentrations between 4 log 10and 5 log 10, on one side, and 11 log 10, 10 log 10, 9 log 10 and 8 log10 bacterial cells per ml of the fermentation broth before inactivation,on the other side.

Taking into account that this bacterin will be mixed with otheringredients in order to design the final vaccine composition, thesebacterial cell concentrations of the broth will lead to a vaccine towhich bacterial cell numbers can be ascribed to that preferably lie inrespectively lower concentration ranges. Increasingly preferred arepercentage values of 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80% (v/v) of suchbacterin volume on the total amount of the fully formulated vaccine,which leads to concentration equivalents between 1.5 log 9 and 8.8 log10 of the fully formulated vaccine composition.

M. hyopneumoniae is not a typical bacterium as many of its surfaceproteins are lipoproteins, which are less immunogenic than typicalproteins found in other bacteria. Thus, an adjuvant that would produce agood immune response is desired in order to gain an optimal immuneresponse upon vaccination.

As an appropriate adjuvant an acrylic acid polymer has been chosen andis to be applied in the concentration range between 0.8 and 1.2 mg/ml.Using such an adjuvant and avoiding the addition of an oil allows asingle phase vaccine, which means that this vaccine composition is notan emulsion of oil and water, in any combination (oil-in-water,water-in-oil etc.).

Advantageous adjuvant compounds according to the invention are thepolymers of acrylic acid which are cross-linked, especially withpolyalkenyl ethers of sugars or polyalcohols. These compounds are knownby the term carbomer (Pharmeuropa, Vol. 8, No. 2, June 1996). Personsskilled in the art can also refer to U.S. Pat. No. 2,909,462 whichdescribes such acrylic polymers cross-linked with a polyhydroxylatedcompound having at least 3 hydroxyl groups, preferably not more than 8,the hydrogen atoms of at least three hydroxyls being replaced byunsaturated aliphatic radicals having at least 2 carbon atoms. Thepreferred radicals are those containing from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, e.g.vinyls, allyls and other ethylenically unsaturated groups. Theunsaturated radicals may themselves contain other substituents, such asmethyl.

The products sold under the name CARBOPOL® carbomer (BF Goodrich, Ohio,USA; a trademark by Noveon (now: Lubrizol; Pedricktown, N.J., USA) areparticularly appropriate. They are cross-linked with an allyl sucrose orwith allyl pentaerythritol. Among them, there may be mentioned CARBOPOL®974P, 934P and 971P carbomers. The use of CARBOPOL® 971P carbomer ispreferred. The dissolution of these polymers in water leads to an acidsolution that will be neutralized, preferably to physiological pH, tomake the adjuvant solution into which the immunogenic, immunological, orvaccine composition itself will be incorporated.

An acrylic acid polymer was chosen as adjuvant for a preferred vaccinecomposition according to the invention, because it produces an aqueousformulation that has low viscosity in comparison to water-in-oilemulsions. Moreover, carbomer is known to minimize the risk of localreactions at the injection site.

A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, according to invention, is animmunologically inert chemical substance, preferably a buffer and/or a(e.g. buffered) solution of an inorganic salt in water. It is used todilute the mixture of the bacterin and the adjuvant up to an appropriateconcentration.

Subsequent to the above-described two preparation steps of the bacterin,the final vaccine composition according to the invention can be preparedby the following steps: admixing of the adjuvant either separately or inparallel; admixing of the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; and byfinal steps the product is bottled.

The final packaging steps allow the preparation of e.g. 1 ml doses,which are then ready for the immunization of an animal. Larger volumedoses are also possible, e.g for the use in an apparatus designed forthe immunization of several animals, one after another in animmunization campaign (e.g. the use of a liquid, jet, needle-freeinjector).

The control of the finished product advantageously includes: testing forpotency in comparison to another vaccine from the state of the art orprepared as a reference, sterility, swine safety, appearance, viscosity,identity, pH, formaldehyde content, and excipients, according to therespective legal requirements. Such controls can be performed by routineexperiments, known to a person skilled in the art.

One feature of the invention is that, in preferred forms, itsubstantially contains no other ingredients. As described, the bacterinis prepared from a fermentation culture of M. hyopneumoniae withoutfurther separation steps, which means that the final vaccine compositiondoes comprise minor ingredients from the fermentation process. These aremedia components, which have not been used up by the bacteria andproducts of the bacterial metabolism. Additionally there might remaintraces of antifoam substances of the inactivating agent, e.g.polymerization products from BEI or formalin and of the chemical used toneutralize the inactivating agent, e.g. sodium bisulfite. However, ifany traces of oily substances remain, e.g. an antifoam substance, theyare preferably below 0.01% (v/v) of the total composition and areespecially not sufficient to form an oily phase in the vaccinecomposition which has the overall appearance of a one phase, aqueoussolution.

It is preferred to package the vaccine composition according to theinvention in single dose units, e.g. in vials of 1 ml which are ready touse for the immunization of a single animal or in larger bottles (up toseveral hundred milliliters) ready to use for the immunization of alarger number of animals in a short period of time. As a consequence,the vaccine does not need to contain any preservative. In doing so, theuse of potentially toxic constituents is further reduced.

The other ingredients, e.g. commercially bought products with a purityout of the control of the manufacturer of the vaccine, are also to beseen as substantially pure in the sense of the invention. Preferably anyminor traces of other ingredients are less than 2% (w/v), andincreasingly more preferred of less than 1, 0.5, 0.1, 0.05 and 0.01%(w/v) and can be ignored.

A one phase, aqueous vaccine composition according to the invention canbe administered to the animal to be vaccinated by any appropriate routeknown to a person skilled in the art. The vaccine composition providedherewith may be administered intradermally, intratracheally, orally,intranasally, intravaginally or intramuscularly. The composition ispreferably administered intramuscularly.

In a preferred embodiment, a vaccine composition according to theinvention elicits effective immunity beginning from 4 weeks afterimmunization (OoI; onset of immunity) and lasts at least for 20 weeksafter immunization (DoI; duration of immunity). Increasingly morepreferred are earlier onset data of about 3.5, 3, 2.5 or 2 weeks of OoI,or even earlier, on one side, and longer lasting protection data ofabout 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 and 26 weeks DoI or even longer, on the otherside.

The advantages of a vaccine composition according to the invention withrespect to the duration of effective immunity become even more evidentfrom the examples of this application. Herein, it is disclosed that anOoI of 2 weeks and a DoI of 26 weeks can be reached by a vaccinecomposition according to the invention. It was not predicted that thisresult could be reached by a single immunization with a single dose of acomparably small volume and without the use of an oil as part of theadjuvant. Further, it was found to be advantageous to immunize theanimals, esp. pigs at the age of 2 to 4 weeks, (and accordingly a largegroup of animals of an equal age, grown in parallel) against the onsetof enzootic pneumonia as early as possible to obtain protection. It wasalso found to be advantageous to immunize the animals, esp. pigs at anage of more than 4 weeks of the pigs to be immunized, e.g. breedinganimals, before they are re-allocated to breeder organizations.

In a preferred embodiment a one phase, aqueous vaccine compositionaccording to the invention is characterized by the fact that the vaccinecomposition elicits effective immunity against M. hyopneumoniae afterthe administration of 1 ml of said one phase, aqueous vaccinecomposition.

According to the invention, the term “effective immunity” (or“effectively immunizes” or other variants thereof) is defined as areduction of clinical signs (examples: see below) caused by M.hyopneumoniae in an animal or in a group of animals as compared to anon-vaccinated control animal or group of animals, reached byvaccination with an one phase, aqueous vaccine composition according tothe invention.

This effect is to be seen in the context that an infection by thesebacteria leads significantly to a chronic disease with high morbidityand low mortality, i.e. to a form of enzootic pneumonia, accompanied—ineconomic terms—with a depression of growth rate and reduction of thefeed conversion rate of a single animal, and of a herd alike. Vaccinatedanimals and vaccinated groups of animals show a reduced depression ofgrowth rate and a better feed conversion rate upon infection by M.hyopneumoniae, in comparison to control animals, even though thevaccinated animals may not be totally free from clinical signs (seebelow).

According to a further embodiment, the term “effective immunity” can bedefined by a reduction of the overall bacterial load in an animalvaccinated with the vaccine composition provided by the invention ascompared to a non-vaccinated animal after an infection with M.hyopneumoniae. The bacterial load can be estimated with numbers ofgenome equivalents per ml fluid or per mg tissue. The bacterial load ispreferably estimated from lung tissue or blood serum. Methods toestimate the genome equivalents of M. hyopneumoniae are well known inthe art. It is common practice to extract a probe of genomic DNA of thebacteria, especially selected from non-coding regions to avoidmRNA-based effects, and to amplify a characteristic sequence by PCR. Thetotal occurrence of this characteristic genomic sequence is thenequivalent to the total cell number.

Enzootic pneumonia (EP), caused by M. hyopneumoniae is characterized bychronic non-productive cough, pneumonia, reduced performance in thegrowing-finishing pig, as well as, typical lung lesions. Factors likere-grouping or crowding of animal groups, concurrent respiratoryinfections, and management and environmental effects, largely effecteconomic losses (e.g. decreased weight gain, poor feed conversion) andseverity of disease. Accordingly, the term “reduction of clinical signs”as reached by the discussed invention, means, but is not limited to, thereduction in severity or incidence of one or more of the signs selectedfrom the group consisting of: fever, respiratory distress, laboredbreathing, cough, lung lesions, pneumonia, decreased appetite, growthretardation, growth variance, and weight-loss.

The term “reduction of clinical signs” also comprises a reduction ofinfectiosity by a single vaccinated and subsequently infected animal orgroup of animals, in comparison to a non-vaccinated but subsequentlyinfected control animal or control group of animals. The risk of furtherM. hyopneumoniae infections to be spread by a vaccinated animal isexpected to be lower than by a not vaccinated animal. Consequently, afurther, additionally preferred mode of the invention is a one phaseaqueous vaccine composition according to the invention that leads to areduction of the rate of infectiosity of a single animal or of a groupof animals in comparison to a non-vaccinated but subsequently infectedcontrol animal or control group of animals.

The terms “reduction” “reduce” and “reducing”, esp. in the context ofthe phrases “reduction of clinical signs” as well as “reduction of theoverall bacterial load” as used herein means, but is not limited to, areduction of the severity or incidence of respective symptom(s) orbacterial load as defined herein, in an vaccinated animal or in a groupof vaccinated animals of more than 10%, preferably of more than 20%,even more preferred of more than 30%, even more preferred of more than40%, even more preferred of more than 50% even more preferred of morethan 70%, even more preferred of more than 100% (2-fold) and mostpreferred of more than 3-fold as compared to a non-vaccinated animal orgroup of animals. All figures calculated for a group of animals refer tothe average figures calculated for such group of animals based on theindividual figures calculated for each single animal.

The following preferred embodiments of the invention are substantiatedby the explanations above and/or will be further illustrated by theexamples of this application.

In a preferred embodiment a one phase, aqueous vaccine compositionaccording to the invention is characterized by the fact that the vaccinecomposition elicits effective immunity against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniaefor an animal by a single administration.

In a preferred embodiment a one phase, aqueous vaccine compositionaccording to the invention is characterized by the fact that the vaccinecomposition elicits effective immunity against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniaefor pigs by a single administration, which effective immunity is reachedwithin 4 weeks after vaccination.

In a preferred embodiment a one phase, aqueous vaccine compositionaccording to the invention is characterized by the fact that the vaccinecomposition elicits effective immunity against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniaefor pigs by a single administration, which effective immunity is reachedwithin 2 weeks after vaccination.

In a preferred embodiment a one phase, aqueous vaccine compositionaccording to the invention is characterized by the fact that the vaccinecomposition elicits effective immunity against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniaefor pigs by a single administration, which effective immunity lasts forat least 20 weeks.

In a preferred embodiment a one phase, aqueous vaccine compositionaccording to the invention is characterized by the fact that the vaccinecomposition elicits effective immunity against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniaefor pigs by a single administration, which effective immunity lasts forat least 26 weeks.

In a preferred embodiment a one phase, aqueous vaccine compositionaccording to the invention is characterized by the fact that theMycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin is an inactivated whole cell bacterin.

In a preferred embodiment a one phase, aqueous vaccine compositionaccording to the invention is characterized by the fact that theMycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin is a whole cell Mycoplasmahyopneumoniae bacterin that is inactivated by formalin.

In a preferred embodiment a one phase, aqueous vaccine compositionaccording to the invention is characterized by the fact that theMycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin is made from strain Mycoplasmahyopneumoniae J (e.g. ATCC 25934).

In a preferred embodiment a one phase, aqueous vaccine compositionaccording to the invention is characterized by the fact that theMycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin has an antigen amount of at least 3log 10 per ml before inactivation.

In a preferred embodiment a one phase, aqueous vaccine compositionaccording to the invention is characterized by the fact that theMycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin has an antigen amount between 5 log 10and 11 log 10 per ml before inactivation.

In a preferred embodiment a one phase, aqueous vaccine compositionaccording to the invention is characterized by the fact that the acrylicacid polymer is a carboxymethylene polymer, preferably cross-linked withpolyallylsucrose.

In a preferred embodiment a one phase, aqueous vaccine compositionaccording to the invention is characterized by the fact that the acrylicacid polymer is Carbomer, as defined above.

In a preferred embodiment a one phase, aqueous vaccine compositionaccording to the invention is characterized by the fact that the acrylicacid polymer is in a concentration range between 0.9 and 1.1 mg/ml.

In a preferred embodiment a one phase, aqueous vaccine compositionaccording to the invention is characterized by the fact that the acrylicacid polymer is in a concentration range between 0.95 and 1.05 mg/ml.

In a preferred embodiment a one phase, aqueous vaccine compositionaccording to the invention is characterized by the fact that thepharmaceutically acceptable carrier is selected from a buffered ornon-buffered aqueous solution of an inorganic salt.

In a preferred embodiment a one phase, aqueous vaccine compositionaccording to the invention is characterized by the fact that theviscosity of the vaccine composition is below 9 cP (25° C.).

In a preferred embodiment a one phase, aqueous vaccine compositionaccording to the invention is characterized by the fact that theviscosity of the vaccine composition is in the range between 6 and 8 cP(25° C.).

In a preferred embodiment a one phase, aqueous vaccine compositionaccording to the invention is characterized by the fact that it consistsof the following substantially pure constituents: a formalin-inactivatedwhole cell Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae J strain (even more preferably onedeposited as ATCC 25934) bacterin, with an antigen amount between 5 log10 and 8 log 10 per ml before inactivation; 1 mg/ml Carbomer; up to 1 mlsodium chloride solution, 0.85% (w/v) in water, and substantially noother ingredients.

Another mode to carry out the invention is the use of a one phase,aqueous vaccine composition according to the invention to immunize ananimal to elicit effective immunity against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Ina preferred embodiment this mode is a use to immunize a pig to eliciteffective immunity against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae over a period of atleast 20 weeks after a single administration, wherein said effectiveimmunity is reached within 4 weeks after vaccination. In anotherpreferred embodiment, this mode is a use to immunize a pig to eliciteffective immunity against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae over a period of atleast 26 weeks after a single administration, wherein said effectiveimmunity is reached within 2 weeks after vaccination.

Another mode to carry out the invention is the use of substantially pureMycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin; an acrylic acid polymer in the finalconcentration range between 0.8 and 1.2 mg/ml; a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier; and substantially no other ingredients to prepare aone phase, aqueous vaccine composition that confers effective immunityto an animal against infection by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.

Another mode to carry out the invention is a use of substantially pureMycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin; an acrylic acid polymer in the finalconcentration range between 0.8 and 1.2 mg/ml; a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier; and substantially no other ingredients to prepare aone phase, aqueous vaccine composition that confers effective immunityto a pig against infection by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae over a period ofat least 20 weeks after a single administration, wherein said effectiveimmunity is reached within 4 weeks after vaccination.

Another mode to carry out the invention is a use of substantially pureMycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin; an acrylic acid polymer in the finalconcentration range between 0.8 and 1.2 mg/ml; a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier; and substantially no other ingredients to prepare aone phase, aqueous vaccine composition that confers effective immunityto a pig against infection by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae over a period ofat least 26 weeks after a single administration, wherein said effectiveimmunity is reached within 2 weeks after vaccination.

Another mode to carry out the invention is a method for preventionagainst and/or reducing the clinical signs caused by Mycoplasmahyopneumoniae and/or for reducing the overall bacterial load ofMycoplasma hyopneumoniae in an animal or group of animals, comprisingadministering to said animal(s) a one phase, aqueous vaccine compositionaccording to the invention.

In a preferred embodiment such a method according to the invention ischaracterized by the fact that said one phase, aqueous vaccinecomposition is administered to the animal(s) in (a) dose(s) of 1 ml ofsaid one phase, aqueous vaccine composition.

In a preferred embodiment such a method according to the invention ischaracterized by the fact that said one phase, aqueous vaccinecomposition is administered to the animal by a single dose.

In a preferred embodiment such a method according to the invention ischaracterized by the fact that said administration is effective forprevention against and/or reducing the clinical signs caused byMycoplasma hyopneumoniae and/or for reducing the overall bacterial loadof Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in an animal or a group of animals ascompared to a non-vaccinated animal or group of animals.

In a preferred embodiment such a method according to the invention ischaracterized by the fact that the clinical signs are selected from thegroup consisting of fever, respiratory distress, labored breathing,cough, lung lesions, pneumonia, decreased appetite, growth retardation,growth variance, and weight-loss.

In a preferred embodiment such a method according to the invention ischaracterized by the fact that said administration is effective afterthe administration of a single dose of said one phase, aqueous vaccinecomposition.

In a preferred embodiment such a method according to the invention ischaracterized by the fact that said administration is made at the age of2 to 4 weeks of the pig to be immunized.

In a preferred embodiment such a method according to the invention ischaracterized by the fact that said administration is made at an age ofmore than 4 weeks of the pig to be immunized.

In a preferred embodiment such a method according to the invention ischaracterized by the fact that said administration is effective forprevention against and/or reducing the clinical signs caused byMycoplasma hyopneumoniae and/or for reducing the overall bacterial loadof Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in an animal or a group of animals over aperiod of at least 20 weeks after said administration.

In a preferred embodiment such a method according to the invention ischaracterized by the fact that said administration is effective forprevention against and/or reducing the clinical signs caused byMycoplasma hyopneumoniae and/or for reducing the overall bacterial loadof Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in an animal or a group of animals over aperiod of at least 26 weeks after said administration.

In a preferred embodiment such a method according to the invention ischaracterized by the fact that said administration is effective forprevention against and/or reducing the clinical signs caused byMycoplasma hyopneumoniae and/or for reducing the overall bacterial loadof Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in an animal or a group of animals whereinsaid effective immunity is reached within 4 weeks after saidadministration.

In a preferred embodiment such a method according to the invention ischaracterized by the fact that said administration is effective forprevention against and/or reducing the clinical signs caused byMycoplasma hyopneumoniae and/or for reducing the overall bacterial loadof Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in an animal or a group of animals whereinsaid effective immunity is reached within 2 weeks after saidadministration.

The following examples are intended to further explain the underlyinginvention without any limitation with respect to the scope ofprotection. Those of skill in the art should, in light of the presentdisclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specificembodiments which are disclosed and still obtain a like or similarresult without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Culturing of M. hyopneumoniae

M. hyopneumoniae is a fastidious aerobic bacterium that grows veryslowly. It requires a complex medium supplemented with yeast extractsolution and porcine serum. A strain of M. hyopneumoniae can bepurchased from the American Type Culture Collection, 10801 UniversityBoulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, USA (ATCC; see the World Wide Webaddress for atcc.org on the internet) under ATCC number 25095. Growthconditions are aerobic (dissolved oxygen at a level of 25±5%), with 5%CO₂ and 37° C. in an appropriate medium, maintaining the pH at 7.2 to7.4. An appropriate medium is ATCC medium 1699.

For the culture 500 to 1,000 ml spinner flasks can be used with constantagitation of 25 to 30 rpm. Analogous conditions, esp. for largercultivation facilities, can be determined by those skilled in the art,using the provided information.

Example 2 Manufacturing of a M. hyopneumoniae Vaccine

An M. hyopneumoniae vaccine, according to the present invention, can beprepared using the following procedures. A probe from a master seed ofthe intended M. hyopneumoniae strain is taken to inoculate anappropriate medium which is then scaled up to a total working volume ofup to 1.000 to 5.000 liters. At each step, when the pH of the culturedrops to ≦7.0, the color of the culture changes from bright red to anorange-brown. A microscopic observation for purity is performed toensure no contaminants are present, such that the next vessel can beinoculated. The cultivation is finished when the DNA content of thefermentation fluid, as determined by e.g. fluorometry, exceeds 5,000ng/ml. Purity of the final culture is confirmed by conducting a Gramstain and examining the culture by microscopic examination formorphological characteristics of M. hyopneumoniae.

Inactivation is achieved by adding 2 ml of 37% formaldehyde solution,per liter of culture under constant agitation, with a total contact timeof at least 4 hours. After a minimum of four hours of total inactivationtime, a sample is taken to determine the concentration of residualformaldehyde. Depending on the amount of residual formaldehyde, sodiumbisulfite can be added to the inactivation vessel to neutralize theresidual formaldehyde. If not added at this point, the sodium bisulfiteis added to the blending vessel during the formulation of the finalvaccine. Inactivation kinetics show that the product is inactivatedwithin 2.5 hours and that for routine manufacture, an inactivationperiod of four hours is appropriate. After completion of inactivationand sampling, the antigen lot can be stored at 2° C. to 7° C. untilneeded for vaccine production.

The inactivated cultures may be concentrated up to three times byultrafiltration using a 10,000 to 100,000 molecular weight filtercut-off. The concentration process is carried out either to obtainmaterial with higher potency levels or smaller harvest volumes forstorage purposes. Satisfactory, inactivated cultures of M. hyopneumoniaemay be pooled at any time prior to blending.

For the blending of the final vaccine product, M. hyopneumoniaeinactivated production cultures, sterile physiological saline solution,and 0.5% (w/v) CARBOPOL® 971P carbomer solution are asepticallytransferred to a steam-sterilized blending vessel. The vaccine mixtureis agitated constantly. After all components have been added, they aremixed for a minimum of 30 minutes.

Example 3 The Final M. hyopneumoniae Vaccine

Using the procedures of Example 2, the final M. hyopneumoniae vaccinecomposition was prepared as shown in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1 Final M. hyopneumoniae vaccine. Function/dose Substance Quantityor/ml Active substance Mycoplasma at least 10³ Active hyopneumoniae J,bacteria/ml ingredient inactivated before inactivation Constituents ofCarbomer 0.8-1.2 Adjuvant the adjuvant mg/ml Constituents of Sodiumchloride sol. q.s. to Adjust antigen the excipient 0.85% in water for 1ml/dose concentration injection in bulk Constituents of — — — thediluent Constituents of the — — — pharmaceutical form

The Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae J strain used in this vaccine compositionwas originally isolated in England from lung lesions of swine that wereinfected with enzootic pneumonia, by Goodwin, Pomeroy, and Whittlestoneprior to 1965 (see Goodwin, R. F. et al., (1965); Production of enzooticpneumonia in pigs with mycoplasma; Vet. Rec., 77: 1247-1249). Thisstrain is deposited at the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) underno. 25934.

The final vaccine composition used for immunization in the followingexperiments consists of a total volume of 1 ml which is comprised of thethree components in the volume proportion shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Proportions of components in final vaccine. Component ml perdose M. hyopneumoniae antigen 0.667 ml CARBOPOL ® 971P (0.5% solution)carbomer 0.200 ml Physiological saline q.s. to 1 mlThis vaccine composition is a rose to brown, opaque aqueous liquid. Itsviscosity was determined as 6.95 cP at 25° C. whereas INGELVAC® M. hyovaccine composition, as a commercially available control, gave 304.8 cPat 25° C.

Example 4 Twenty-Six Week Duration of Immunity for INGELVAC MYCOFLEX®Vaccine Composition

A vaccine composition according to the present invention and produced inaccordance with the previous Example is protected under the trade nameINGELVAC MYCOFLEX® vaccine composition (or alternativelyINGELVACMYCOFLEX®). The following duration of immunity was observed byadministration of this vaccine composition. This study was conducted toestablish a 26 week duration of immunity for the new vaccine bydemonstrating the efficacy and safety of the product againstheterologous challenge with M. hyopneumoniae (M. hyo) at twenty-sixweeks post vaccination.

Materials and Methods

A challenge study was performed following GLP guidelines. For this studymale, crossbred commercial piglets that were seronegative for M. hyo andPRRSV antibodies were included into five treatment groups (Table 3).

TABLE 3 Group information Route Challenge No. of Age at administered/(Intra- Group animals vaccination Treatment dose tracheal) Necropsy 1 2021 ± 5 days INGELVAC i.m., 1 ml Study Day Study MYCOFLEX ® 184 Day post2 INGELVAC i.m., 1 ml challenge MYCOFLEX ® 33 (safety serial) 3Licensed, non- i.m., 2 ml mineral-oil- adjuvant- containing vaccineagainst M. hyo 4 Saline placebo i.m., 1 ml (challenge controls) 5 10 Notreatment — No (negative controls) challenge

Four out of the five groups were challenged at 26 weeks post-vaccinationwith a heterologous strain of virulent M. hyo. The animals were observedfor 33 days after challenge for clinical signs. Blood samples were takenfor IDEXX HERDCHECK®ELISA testing for M. hyo IgG antibodies throughoutthe study. After necropsy the lungs were extracted, scored for lesions(see Straw B. E., et al., 1986: Examination of Swine at Slaughter. PartII. Findings at Slaughter and their Significance), and samples weretaken for M. hyo DNA detection by PCR.

Results

The primary criterion of duration of immunity at 26 weeks was theclinically relevant reduction of lung lesions by 50% after challengewith a virulent M. hyo isolate administered 26 weeks after vaccination.Statistically significant lower lung lesions were found in allvaccinated groups, versus the challenge control group (Table 4).

TABLE 4 Pairwise comparison results from the Wilcoxon Rank Sum TestComparison 1 vs 4 2 vs 4 3 vs 4 p-Value 0.0023 0.0031 0.0334

After challenge, a reduced presence of M. hyo DNA detection in the lungsamples of the animals from all vaccinated groups compared to thechallenge controls was detected by PCR. A statistically significant(p≦0.0375) secondary antibody immune-response was noted in allvaccinated animals after challenge on DPC (Days Post Challenge) 14 and32. The only clinical observation in the study was coughing, which wasscored first on DPC 14 and was sporadic up until the end of the study.None of the clinical signs were severe enough to be clinically relevantin any treatment group. In the seven days post vaccination observationperiod, neither local injection site reactions nor systemic adversereactions were observed.

Discussion and Conclusion

Vaccinated animals (INGELVAC MYCOFLEX®, INGELVAC MYCOFLEX® [safetyserial], and the licensed non-mineral-oil-adjuvant-containing vaccineagainst M. hyo) showed a clinically relevant reduction of lung lesionsby 50% (for the licensed product 46%), which was statisticallysignificant compared with the animals from the challenge control group.This reduction indicated efficacy in host animals challenged with theheterologous strain of M. hyo at 26 weeks after vaccination. M. hyo DNAdetection in the lung samples were reduced in all animals vaccinatedwith the vaccine of the invention but not with the licensed product.Seroconversion was seen in all the vaccinated treatment groups afterchallenge. A statistically significant difference in post-challengeserology results (DPC 14 and 32) was noted between all vaccinated groupsand the control group. There were no statistically significantdifferences between the vaccinated groups for any clinically relevantsign. All these findings suggest that the vaccine of the inventioninduces protection against M. hyo.

There were no local or systemic adverse reactions to the vaccine duringthe seven days post vaccination. High tolerance was shown for INGELVACMYCOFLEX®, vaccine composition independent of the antigen dose applied.In conclusion, a single dose of 1 ml of INGELVAC MYCOFLEX® vaccinecomposition administered to pigs at about three weeks of age builds upan immunity of at least 26 weeks while showing a very good local andsystemic tolerance.

Example 5 Rapid Onset of Protection of Two Weeks for a Novel One DoseMycoplasma Vaccine Materials and Methods

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the onset of protection for anovel inactivated M. hyo vaccine (INGELVAC MYCOFLEX® vaccinecomposition; this name first quoted in accordance with the publication;it is the same product as tested in Example 4) two weeks followingvaccination in a validated pig challenge model. A total of fiftysero-negative commercial cross-bred pigs were allocated to one of thethree groups according to Table 5. All pigs in groups A and B werechallenged with a virulent strain of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae fourteendays following vaccination. All animals were necropsied on day 42 of thestudy.

TABLE 5 Study design Group Vaccination No Challenge Necropsy A INGELVACMYCOFLEX ®* 22 Day 14 Day 42 at 3-4 weeks of age (Study day 0) B No[challenge control] 22 Day 14 Day 42 C No [strict control]  6 No Day 42

The primary parameter for onset of protection was the extent of lunglesions and the extent was calculated as published by Thacker, B. et al.(see Proc. IPVS, 1988, p. 69). The underlying basis for this calculationis the factored weight of each lung lobe of healthy animals.

Pigs were randomized, according to initial body weight, and placed inpens containing 4 animals each, two piglets each for groups A and B.Animals in the strict control group (C) were housed separately.

The null hypothesis was that the pigs in groups A and B were equal withregard to the extent of lung lesions. Since the resulting data was notnormally distributed, it was analyzed by the Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney test.The test was designed as a two tailed-test and differences wereconsidered to be statistically significant if p≦0.05.

Results

The extent of median factored lung lesions, as measured by a factoredweighed lung involvement, were significantly reduced in vaccinatedanimals (group A, median 0.123) as compared to challenged controls(group B, median 2.925) at day 42 (significant difference at p≦0.05).This significant difference was not only observed for the entire lung,but also for all individual lung lobes. None of the six strict controlanimals exhibited any lung lesions (not shown in table), which confirmsthe validity of the challenge model.

Discussion

For efficacious control of M. hyo in modern production systems it ismandatory to have a vaccination tool available with a rapid onset ofprotection as well as a long duration of protection. It has beenpreviously shown by Ohnesorge and von Richthofen (2007; Proc. APVS,2007, p. 294; see Example 4 of this application) that INGELVAC MYCOFLEX®has a duration of immunity of about 26 weeks. When combined with theresults of this study, which clearly provides evidence for a rapid onsetof protection of two weeks following vaccination, INGELVAC MYCOFLEX®offers a protection with fast onset and prolonged duration.

REFERENCES

The following references, to the extent that they provide exemplaryprocedural or other details supplementary to those set forth herein, arespecifically incorporated herein by reference.

-   Pharmeuropa, Vol. 8, No. 2, June 1996.-   Goodwin, R. F. et al., (1965); Production of enzootic pneumonia in    pigs with mycoplasma; Vet. Rec., 77: 1247-1249.-   Straw B. E., et al., 1986: Examination of Swine at Slaughter.    Part II. Findings at Slaughter and their Significance.-   Thacker, B. et al., Proc. IPVS, 1988, p. 69.-   Ohnesorge and von Richthofen, Proc. APVS, 2007, p. 294.

1. A method of preventing and/or reducing one or more clinical sign(s)caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in animal comprising administering tothe animal a single dose of a one phase, aqueous vaccine compositionconsisting essentially of substantially pure inactivated whole cellMycoplasma hyopneumoniae ATCC 25934 bacterin having an antigen amountbetween 5 log 10 and 8 log 10 per ml before inactivation; about 1 mg/mlcarbomer; up to 1 ml 0.85% (w/v) sodium chloride aqueous solution, andsubstantially no other ingredients.
 2. The method of claim 1, whereinthe single dose is less than 2 ml.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein theclinical sign is selected from the group consisting of fever,respiratory distress, labored breathing, cough, lung lesions, pneumonia,decreased appetite, growth retardation, growth variance, andweight-loss.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the animal is a porcineanimal.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the substantially pureinactivated whole cell Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae ATCC 25934 bacterin isinactivated by formalin treatment.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein theaqueous composition effectively immunizes an animal within about 4 weeksafter a single immunization.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein theaqueous composition effectively immunizes an animal for at least 20weeks after a single immunization.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein theaqueous composition effectively immunizes an animal after a singleimmunization having a volume of less than 2 ml.
 9. The method of claim3, wherein one or more of the clinical signs is reduced by at least 10%.10. The method of claim 1, wherein administration of a single dose ofthe one phase, aqueous composition effectively reduces the rate ofinfectiosity of a single animal or of a group of animals in comparisonto a non-vaccinated but subsequently infected control animal or controlgroup of animals.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the viscosity ofthe one phase, aqueous composition is below 9 cP at 25° C.
 12. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the one phase, aqueous composition may beadministered intradermally, intratracheally, orally, intranasally,intravaginally or intramuscularly.